15 research outputs found
Transition from chimera/solitary states to traveling waves
We study numerically the spatiotemporal dynamics of a ring network of
nonlocally coupled nonlinear oscillators, each represented by a two-dimensional
discrete-time model of the classical van der Pol oscillator. It is shown that
the discretized oscillator exhibits a richer behavior, combining the
peculiarities of both the original system and its own dynamics. Moreover, a
large variety of spatiotemporal structures is observed in the network of
discrete van der Pol oscillators when the discretization parameter and the
coupling strength are varied. Such regimes as the coexistence of multichimera
state/traveling wave and solitary state are revealed for the first time and
studied in detail. It is established that the majority of the observed
chimera/solitary states, including the newly found ones, are transient towards
the purely traveling wave mode. The peculiarities of the transition process and
the lifetime (transient duration) of the chimera structures and the solitary
state are analyzed depending on the system parameters, observation time,
initial conditions, and influence of external noise
Transition from complete synchronization to spatio-temporal chaos in coupled chaotic systems with nonhyperbolic and hyperbolic attractors
We study the transition from coherence (complete synchronization) to incoherence (spatio-temporal chaos) in ensembles of nonlocally coupled chaotic maps with nonhyperbolic and hyperbolic attractors. As basic models of a partial element we use the Henon map and the Lozi map. We show that the transition to incoherence in a ring of coupled Henon maps occurs through the appearance of phase and amplitude chimera states. An ensemble of coupled Lozi maps demonstrates the coherence-incoherence transition via solitary states and no chimera states are observed in this case
Deterministic nonlinear systems: a short course
This text is a short yet complete course on nonlinear dynamics of deterministic systems. Conceived as a modular set of 15 concise lectures it reflects the many years of teaching experience by the authors.Β The lectures treat in turn the fundamental aspects of the theory of dynamical systems, aspects of stability and bifurcations, the theory of deterministic chaos and attractor dimensions, as well as the elements of the theory of Poincare recurrences.Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the generation of periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic self-sustained oscillations and to the issue of synchronization in such systems.Β This book is aimed at graduate students and non-specialist researchers with a background in physics, applied mathematics and engineering wishing to enter this exciting field of research
Repulsive inter-layer coupling induces anti-phase synchronization
This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in Shepelev, I. A., Muni, S. S., SchΓΆll, E., & Strelkova, G. I. (2021). Repulsive inter-layer coupling induces anti-phase synchronization. In Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science (Vol. 31, Issue 6, p. 063116). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0054770 and may be found at https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0054770.We present numerical results for the synchronization phenomena in a bilayer network of repulsively coupled 2D lattices of van der Pol oscillators. We consider the cases when the network layers have either different or the same types of intra-layer coupling topology. When the layers are uncoupled, the lattice of van der Pol oscillators with a repulsive interaction typically demonstrates a labyrinth-like pattern, while the lattice with attractively coupled van der Pol oscillators shows a regular spiral wave structure. We reveal for the first time that repulsive inter-layer coupling leads to anti-phase synchronization of spatiotemporal structures for all considered combinations of intra-layer coupling. As a synchronization measure, we use the correlation coefficient between the symmetrical pairs of network nodes, which is always close to β1 in the case of anti-phase synchronization. We also study how the form of synchronous structures depends on the intra-layer coupling strengths when the repulsive inter-layer coupling is varied.DFG, 163436311, Kontrolle selbstorganisierender nichtlinearer Systeme: Theoretische Methoden und Anwendungskonzept
Deterministic Nonlinear SystemsA Short Course /
XIV, 294 p. 172 illus., 2 illus. in color.online
Metabolicheskie osobennosti sindroma polikistoznykh yaichnikov u zhenshchin s normal'noy i izbytochnoy massoy tela
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΡ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ― Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°; ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π³Π»Ρ?
ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ― Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°; ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ―; Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ 122 ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ― ΠΈ 30 ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° Π‘ΠΠΠ―. ΠΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊ (ΠΠ ), ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ». ΠΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° 4 Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ: 1-Ρ ? Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° (ΠΠΠ’) Π±ΡΠ» ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ 25 ΠΊΠ³/ΠΌ2; 2-Ρ ? Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° 25 ΠΊΠ³/ΠΌ2 ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅; 3-Ρ ? ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ― ΠΈ ΠΠΠ’ Π΄ΠΎ 25 ΠΊΠ³/ΠΌ2; 4-Ρ - Π‘ΠΠΠ― ΠΈ
ΠΠΠ’ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 25 ΠΊΠ³/ΠΌ2. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅? ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ― ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ-Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠΎ (ΠΠ’Π) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ Π°Π±Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ
, Ρ. Π΅. ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ― ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
? Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ― Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ Π’ (ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°) ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ 30-ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ― ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
? ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ Π‘ΠΠΠ― ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ Π‘ΠΠΠ― Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ , ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ (ΠΠ§), Π°Π΄Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉ, Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π₯Π‘, Π₯Π‘ ΠΠΠΠΠ, Π₯Π‘ ΠΠΠΠ, ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π’Π ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π₯Π‘ ΠΠΠΠ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ Π‘ΠΠΠ― Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ Π°Π±Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠ§ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΠ’Π’ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ,
Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π₯Π‘ ΠΠΠΠ